Indigenous people represent one of the least advantaged segments of Canada’s population, but they are also one of the fastest growing and most significant population groups within a nation with an aging workforce. Governments and Aboriginal organizations have undertaken several initiatives to address this issue in attempting to raise education attainment rates that in many regions are significantly lower than average. This paper, after summarizing the major initiatives, critically examines the potential for these initiatives to succeed by placing Aboriginal education and employment trends in the context of the wider political economy. It is argued that current trends and practices suggest the likelihood that Aboriginal populations will experience increasing in-group inequality, as well as continuing gaps between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal populations.